Animal Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems

The building blocks of all matter, atoms and molecules, form the substrate for the increasingly complex chemicals and structures that make up living organisms. For example, simple molecules like sugars and acids combine to form more complex macromolecules, such as lipids and proteins, which in turn are the building blocks for the membranes and organelles that make up living cells. In order of increasing complexity, here are the basic structural elements that, taken together, make up any given animal: Basic Structural Elements atomssimple moleculesmacromoleculesmembranesorganellescellstissuesorgansorgan systemsanimal The cell, toward the middle of this list, is the basic unit of life. It is within the cell that the chemical reactions necessary for metabolism and reproduction take  place. There are two basic kinds of cells, prokaryotic cells (single-celled structures that do not contain a nucleus) and eukaryotic cells (cells that contain a membranous nucleus and organelles that perform specialized functions). Animals are composed exclusively of eukaryotic cells, though the bacteria that populate their intestinal tracts (and other parts of their bodies) are prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have the following basic components: A plasma membrane that forms the outermost boundary layer of the cell, separating the cells internal processes from the external environment.Cytoplasm, which consists of the semifluid substance called cytosol as well as various organelles.A well-demarcated nucleus, which contains the animals chromosomes inside a nuclear membrane. Organ Systems During the development of an animal, eukaryotic cells differentiate so they can perform specific functions. Groups of cells with similar specializations, and which perform a common function, are referred to as tissues. Organs (examples of which include lungs, kidneys, hearts, and spleens) are groups of several tissues that function together.  Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function; examples include skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, circulatory, and urinary systems.

Feminist Message in Susan Glaspells Trifles - 891 Words

The Feminist Message in Susan Glaspells Trifles Susan Glaspells Trifles can be regarded as a work of feminist literature. The play depicts the life of a woman who has been suppressed, oppressed, and subjugated by a patronizing, patriarchal husband. Mrs. Wright is eventually driven to kill her hard (1178) husband who has stifled every last twitch of her identity. Trifles dramatizes the hypocrisy and ingrained discrimination of male-dominated society while simultaneously speaking to the dangers for women who succumb to such hierarchies. Because Mrs. Wright follows the role mapped by her husband and is directed by societys patriarchal expectations, her identity is lost somewhere along the way. However, Mrs. Hale and Mrs.†¦show more content†¦Mr. Hale remarks, Well, women are used to worrying over trifles (1174), and Sheriff Peters assumes the insignificance of kitchen things (1174). Hence, women are forced into a domestic, secondary role, like it or not, and are not even respected for that. Mr. Hale, Sheriff Peters, and the county attorney all dismiss the dialogue between Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale as feminine chitchat. Further, the county attorney allows the women to leave the Wrights house unsupervised because he sees Mrs. Peters as merely extension of her husband. Even so, the domestic system the men have set up for their wives and their disregard for them after the rules and boundaries have been laid down prove to be the mens downfall. The evidence that Mrs. Wright killed her husband is woven into Mrs. Hales and Mrs. Peterss conversations about Mrs. Wrights sawing and her pet bird. The knots in her quilt match those in the rope used to strangle Mr. Wright, and the bird, the last symbol of Mrs. Wrights vitality to be taken by her husband, is found dead. Unable to play the role of subservient wife anymore, Mrs. Wright is foreign to herself and therefore lives a lie. As Mrs. Hale proclaims, It looks as if she didnt know what she was about! (1177). Mrs. Hale, however, does ultimately understand what Mrs. Wright is about. She comprehends the desperation, loneliness, and pain thatShow MoreRelatedFeminist At Heart By Susan Glaspell Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesFeminist at Heart Susan Glaspell is one of the less known backbones of American women writers. She was unconventional in a conventional time, and paved the way for respect in journalism, and then writing, for women. In a time when women were supposed to be quiet, obedient housewives, and not much else, she gave women a voice and challenged the stereotype while bringing common women’s issues to the spotlight. Glaspell started as a newspaper writer and evolved into a literary master, though she isRead MoreSusan Glaspells Trifles1479 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Glaspell’s 1916 play titled â€Å"Trifles† uses many elements of drama such as, diction and spectacle through the actions of the two women as they rummage through a unusually messy kitchen to develop complexity and hold the attention of the audience until the very end. Glaspell uses irony and common misconceptions to convey her powerful message â€Å"Trifles† is also a play that reflects a clear notion of gender and se x roles. Glaspell, a feminist writer, writes plays that are known for their developmentRead Moreâ€Å"a Doll’s Trifles† a Essay Comparing the Plays â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"Dollhouse.†1937 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll’s Trifles† A essay comparing the plays â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"Dollhouse.† Joshua Long English 102 Amy Lannon Read MoreDrama Essay Trifles2158 Words   |  9 PagesAngel Parrett Professor Muller English 106/ Drama Essay 15 May 2006 Drama Essay Trifles Trifles, Susan Glaspell’s play written in 1916, reveal concerns of women living in a male dominated society. Glaspell communicates the role that women were expected to play in late 19th century society and the harm that can come of it to women, as well as men. The feminist agenda of Trifles was made obvious, in order to portray the lives of all women who live oppressed under male domination. John andRead MoreLangston Hughes and Countee Cullen: Perspective on Religion4176 Words   |  17 PagesAmerican Literature II Authors: Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen: Perspective on Religion Susan Glaspell and Charlotte Gilman: Roles of Women W.E.B Du Bois and Booker T Washington: Political View In the 1920s, the somewhat genteel world of American poetry was shaken to its foundations when the Harlem Renaissance started. During those times, all over the United States, there

A Report on Exploring Distribution Channel of Grameen Phone

A Report on Exploring Distribution Channel of Grameen Phone i A Report on Exploring Distribution Channel of Grameen Phone Submitted To Dr. Md. Baktiar Rana Course Title: Marketing Channel Management Course Code: MKT 403 Submitted By Aniqa Tahsin Anchal(787) Md. Shafaeth Zaman(802) Nafiz Imtiaz Noor(816) Md. Ashiqul Islam(1332) Md. Aftarul Islam(1981) Date of Submission 22nd February, 2014 Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University ii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL February 22, 2014 Dr. Md. Baktiar Rana Course Instructor Marketing Channel Management (MKT 403) Institute of Business Administration , Jahangirnagar University Subject: Submission of report on Distribution Channel†¦show more content†¦areas among Channel Participants of Telecommunication Industry 9.0 Power Structure 10.0 Strategic Alliance 11.0 Strengths over the closest competitors 12.0 Threats of alternative or breakthrough distribution channel due to the technological advancement Vii 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 25 27 29 31 33 33 34 34 35 12.1 Possible threats 12.2 Some recommended steps 13.0 Recommendations 14.0 Conclusions References v 36 37 38 39 40 LIST OF TABLES Table 1- SWOT Analysis of GP, Banglalink, Robi Table 2-Technology structure of Telecom Industry in Bangladesh Table 3-Top 6 mobile operators of Bangladesh Table 4-Service Output demand template Table 5-Degree of rivalry within industry industry attractiveness 12 13 16 28 35 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Mobile Market shares as of September 2010 Figure 2: Mobile Operator’s Subscribers(million) Figure 3: Market Share(Subscribers) Figure 4: Market Share (Revenue) Figure 5: Revenue (Bn BDT)/EBITDA Margin Figure 6: Mobile CompaniesProfit after tax(Bn BDT) Figure 7: Mobile company’s EBITDA CAPEX(BN BDT) Figure 8: Mobile Operator’s ARPU-BDT Figure 9: GrameenPhone’s district coverage Figure 10: Geographical coverage of Grameen Phone Figure 11: Strategic position map of Grameen Phone Figure 12: Grameen Phone’s Market Boundary Diagram Figure 13: Industry distribution System Figure 14: Grameenphone’s yearlyShow MoreRelatedCore Banking Solutions12901 Words   |  52 Pagesthe Project Work: The major objectives of this project work are to: †¢ To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of CBS over traditional banking system †¢ To explore the technology used in CBS with special reference to Shreyas Grameen Bank. †¢ To identify and discuss various issues related with the automization of Banks. †¢ To define various Core Banking Services provided by Indian Banks. †¢ To identify and determine the causes of CBS becoming a nightmareRead MoreAn Analysis of Marketing Competitive Strategies Adopted by Hindustan Unilever Limited in Rural Area9906 Words   |  40 PagesCompetitive strategies adopted by Hindustan Unilever Limited in Rural Area† submitted to the Devi Ahilya University. in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF BUSINISS ADMINISTRATION IN MARKETING MANAGEMENT HR and that the Project Report has not previously formed the basis for the award of any other degree, Diploma, Associate ship, Fellowship or other title. Place: Indore SUMIT WASNIK Date:Read MoreStudy on Customer Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction at Credit Card in the Context of Prime Bank Limited†12516 Words   |  51 PagesMohakhali C/A, Dhaka 1212 Date: 18 December 2008 To Whom It May Concern This is to certify that Shahriar Hossain is a BBA student of East West University. In the Fall- 2008 semester, he has taken the course Bus. 499, which requires a formal report on a specific topic or on a specific organization after completing a three months of work experience. For this purpose, he requires to gather relevant information about the chosen organization. It is worth mentioning that the gathered information

Impact Of Gender Discrimination On Sports - 1446 Words

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS Brooke Lynn Paige Smith Oklahoma State University-Stillwater December 5, 2014 For decades discrimination in sports has been a big issue, especially gender discrimination. Women have been down graded and stereotyped as weak in athletics because men are generally the more entertaining to watch because of their physicality and they seem more determined and motivated to achieve in their sport, but what people should realize is women are just as athletic as men and deserve an equal opportunity for life chances. The discrimination got better in 1972 when the law â€Å"Title IX† came about, which stated Nobody in the United States will, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be deprived of the benefits of, or be exposed to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial help. This has produced debates all over the world because some disagree with the equality it is trying to create. Women have had a hard time getting into college athletics in the past let alone professional sports, so when Title IX came up women in particular were very appreciative. Nina Compton discusses the law and how it changed in college sports and stated, â€Å"College campuses all over the world have seen athletic departments add women s sport programs and cut men s programs in order to remain compliant under the Act† (Compton 11). While many may think this was fair other believe that men shouldn’t be cut from sportsShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women In Sports1541 Words   |  7 Pagesforce or even in sports. Title IX, an act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972, said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discriminate to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex (Senne 1). This act was a step towards improving female participation and lessening discrimination, but the stereotypes that most of society believes in still exist. This is one of the main reasons why women are discriminated when it comes to sports; by limitedRead MoreSocial Media As Forms Of Electronic Communication1372 Words   |  6 PagesConsequences could arise from the current and future impact on their reputation. I conducted interviews using a list of predetermined questions to gather an understanding of Title IX from the athletes’ perspective. These questions are formulated to prick the mind of the athlete to see of their perspective of the impact of Title IX is positive and/or negative. The answers of the questions were designed to gather information to show the impact of their beliefs about Title IX. In addition, my researchRead MoreGender Identity And Its Effect On Society1464 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough gender identity is an ascribed status one given at birth , society shapes that identity through socialization. In the process of learning traits and activities that are desirable and correct individuals internalize approved sex role behavior as a real part of themselves. (pg.500, Parrillo).The female, in the world of sport earns the achieved status but then through society and Social Conditioning falls into the role of being in the ascribed status. SocioHistorical Perspective In 1896Read MoreWomen Discrimination In Sports1572 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination in Women Sports Women have always been the minority in today’s world whether that’s in the work force or even in sports. Title IX a act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972 that said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discrimination to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex. (Senne 1) This act was a step towards more female participation and less discrimination, but those stereotypes most of society believes in stillRead MoreIs Sports A Good Thing? Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesinferred that sports is a social construct in which supporters acknowledge athletes for their talent and skill. As athletes are identified on the basis of membership of their sport and team, we as the general public, rarely acknowledge them as individuals. Rather, we decide when to individuate them –praising them when they shine a little a brighter than the rest, and when to chastise them because they went against the grain. When discu ssing the LGBTQ community and their involvement in sports, many thoughtsRead MoreGender Inequality : Women And Women1242 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality There are hundreds and thousands of athletes all around the world but the main problem in the athlete world is gender inequality, women are not shown equal as men. They are discriminated in many ways such as pay, employment opportunities, value of women s sport, media coverage etc. Despite the federal law passed called Title IX that â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discriminationRead MoreGender Inequality And The Social Construction Of Gender1562 Words   |  7 Pagesof gender, race, class, and sexuality have led to discrimination and inequality of those classified under a variety of these categories. Through understanding the significance of these social constructs on society it becomes apparent the intersectionality they have when it comes to understanding why certain groups may face discrimination or inequality. This paper examines gender inequality and how the social construction of gender makes it difficult for the pursuit of equality amongst genders. 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Through this portion of the Education Amendments of 1972, wo men have gained more playing opportunities and caused athletic departments to expand. Permitting women to participate in sports, provides many benefits to sports teams participationRead MoreThe Importance Of Equal Pay, Rights And Opportunity For Women Involved With Sports1629 Words   |  7 PagesThis podcast will distinguish the stiffening number of the lack of equal pay, rights and opportunity for women involved with sports. This topic was selected because this is evident based on the staggering numbers of women performing and displaying either equal or more in terms of success, achievement or work load and still are behind when comparing salaries between men and women. Hopefully, this podcast will shine some light on this subject and bring awareness. Based on prior research conducted

The Conceptual Framework of Accounting - Corporate Governance

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Research, Practice, and Financial. Answer: Introduction: Within the basic premises and concepts that General Purpose Financial Reporting, the report will prepare a comprehensive report based on the effectiveness of the business of BHP Billiton to address the related business obligations of the conceptual framework of accounting. The financial reporting plays the vital role for discussing the financial disclosure (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). It further discusses the financial situation of the firm which assists investors in predicting the performance of BHP Billiton. The summary report, thus, will include data extracted from the General Purpose Financial Report of BHP Billiton, containing details like Conceptual Framework, Corporate Governance, Legitimacy, Code of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Conceptual Framework: A Conceptual Framework is all about the system of ideas and objectives based on which the organization develops the consistent set of standards that provides the framework for setting the standards for accounting (Macve 2015). The rule and standards, functions and limits of the financial accounting followed by BHP Billiton is critically addressed the financial obligations in this section. BHP Billiton Plc, the leading Energy resource company prepared their financial reports related to the requirements of the Australian Corporations Act 2001. Following the accounting framework, the company has incorporated Australian Accounting Standards, corresponding with International Financial Reporting Standards. It is believed that standards followed by the organization help stakeholders in the development of the globally accepted standards (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). While the financial statements are evaluated in the basis of principles of the historical costs except for derivative financial instruments and several other financial assets which are carried at fair value. The policies of accounting have consistently followed by BHP Billiton aligning with the prior years accounting presented. Corporate Governance: Corporate Governance essentially includes the balancing interests of BHP Billitons stakeholders which the company is directed and controlled (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). In other words, the company has a governance framework that goes beyond an interest in governance for the firms individual sake or the requirement to comply with regulatory requirements. According to Weil, Schipper and Francis (2013), the good governance is all about handling responsibilities of management for executive and is entrenched throughout the organization. Thus, the company believes in long term value creation based on high quality governance. To adopt the best governance standards in Australia, the company is operated as the leading position of the energy sector. Diagram 1: The Governance Structure of BHP Billiton (Source: Bhpbilliton.com. 2016) The above diagram describes the framework for the governance at BHP Billiton (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). The diagrams clearly demonstrate the interaction between the shareholders and the Board, discussing how the Committee of the board structure facilitates the relationship between the CEO and the board (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). This has explained the delegation flow related to the shareholders. The company has healthy processes in place for the smooth delegation flows through the Board and its committees to the CEO and the GMC into the firm. Furthermore, the management has maintained an upwards flows for discussing the accountability from the authority of the organization to shareholders. There are several scenarios of the business portfolio has been incorporated in the corporate governance report for assessing the performance of the company. For instance, the corporate planning cycle include assumptions around currencies, prices of commodities, the rate of taxes, the price of commodities, tax rates and the price of carbon and ranges for a several number of risks and the price of carbon and ranges for the several of risks the group basis (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016) . Moreover, this gives the detailed idea about the global growth, trade levels, situations of geopolitics of Australia, climate change and technology. BHP Billiton has followed the diversified asset portfolio management for dealing all these scenarios and strategies of the company. The Charter is the key to the framework of BHP Billiton. The charter addresses the purpose, strategies and values of the business and provides guidelines how the business would be successful. The company, in this scenario, develops a culture which supports high values and standards, the potential integrity on the basis of personal and corporate by showing respects for others. The board uses the formal and informal communication channels for the global shareholders of the company (Schneider and Schmidpeter 2012). Thus, the company has followed a regular proactive engagement process with shareholders and investors representative organizations takes place in Australia, the United States, South Africa and the United Kingdom. The company discusses the comprehensive governance issues along with the broad strategy of the Group. Generally, the company has established a good relationship with governance managers, fund managers and the advisers of governance for managing the governance issues faced by the company. In this way, the company has followed a strong charter values, including the value of sustainability and managed to develop good interaction with stakeholders and plan for the future. Legitimacy: According to Lanis and Richardson (2012), legitimacy is all about the perception and assumption that all actions are desirable, proper or appropriate within certain socially constructed system of values, norms beliefs and definitions. In other words, it is the hypothetical social contract between the reporting entity and the society in which it operates (Barth 2015). In the case of the BHP Billion, the organization has maintained its accountability while the preparation of the financial statement followed by the international financial reporting standards. In the financial statement of 2015, the company has declared US$7.3 billion to governments worldwide (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). By investing more than US$225 million in local communities across the world on projects that include improving access to education and healthcare, BHP Billiton has established social contracts with their reporting stakeholders (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). While preparing the financial statements, the company has taken followed proper estimation and assumptions that affect the reported accounts of liabilities and assets. The statements further disclosed the contingent liabilities at the specified date of the statement of the financial along with the declaration of the revenue and expenses during the period presented therein. By mentioning the nature of these assumptions and conditions in their notes of the financial statements, BHP Billiton has clearly disclosed their values, norms and beliefs in their reporting of General Accounting Financial presentation. Codes of ethics: The code of Business conduct of BHP Billiton is based on the Charters value of the company. According to Islam (2015), the Code demonstrates the commitment towards practicing the ethical business activities and accomplishes or exceeds applicable legal requirements. In other words, the code of ethics needs to be practiced by BHP Billiton for maintaining the business consistency in terms of operations, finances and social responsibilities. This will help to create loyalty and trust with the stakeholders (Union 2014). The charter reflects the Group Level Documents, Standards, and procedures which are application throughout the company. The code of business conduct helps the company to perform in daily work and assists employees to practically applies the values developed by the charter of the company. By following the laws and regulations of those countries in which the company operates, BHP Billion is committed towards upholding certain standards at the level of international and guidelines. For instance, the company has followed principles of the United Nations Global Compact, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Voluntary Principles on Securities and Human Rights. However, it is a debatable fact the code of conduct of the business cannot determine every law of the business. As far as the business code of conducts is concerned, all the entities of the company are controlled and committed towards adhering to the Code, regardless of location and role. Furthermore, an associated non-controlled joint ventures and minority interests are also adopted the same principles and standards. Chart 1: Path of Business Code of Conduct of BHP Billion (Source: Bhpbilliton.com. 2016) BHP Billiton has fully committed to working with integrity and practicing with the relevant business code of conduct obviously to restrict engaging the unethical behaviors at the workplace. For instance, the business code has applied for addressing the differences exist due to local norms, customs, rules and regulations, while setting the higher standards of the behavior. By following this, the company has imporoved code of practices and regulatory compliance over the time period. During 1997, BHP published the guideline to conduct the business which described the basic principles for the conduct of the business. This has increased the level of confidence while conducting the business. Since the years, the Global Ethical Panel of the company has played a significant role in advising on ethical dimensions of issues of the business. For instance, the panel has given advises to the internal members from BHPs businesses and legal, Risk and Human Resource Functions (Weil, Schipper and Fra ncis, 2013). In the recent times, BHP Billiton is mainly associated with prohibits any form of punishments, disciplinary, or retaliatory action which have been taken against anyone for raising or helping to address the related concerns while conducting the business. The compliance functions, on the other hand, supports all activities with the concerned Collection Manager along with the team of expert anti-corruption, trade and competition lawyers who are taking responsibilities to the Risk and Committee of the board (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). In this way, the company is raising their business concerns through Ethics Point. Now all queries about the interpretations and application of the code of the business will be treated seriously and considerable in a timely manner. Corporate Social Responsibility: Sustainability is the core business essence of the corporate strategies of BHP Billiton. The company has ensured integrated safety, health, environmental, social and economic aspects into their decision making process. The corporate social responsibilities are mainly concerned for managing risks within the company to ensure safety and healthy aspects into their business (Navi 2012). As per the records of the Sustainability report of 2015, BHP Billiton has maintained their commitments to provide the energy and resources required for economic development and growth. Initially, the company is committed for maintaining safety measures for their people. To prevent the work place injuries and fatalities, the company commits to make workplace safer than ever. On the other hand, the company has maintained their responsibilities towards contributing to the social and economic development of host communities. BHP Billiton has largely contributed towards the generation of the opportunities for employment, the development of facilities and infrastructure and in relation to the purchase of local services and goods. In FY2015, BHP Billiton made US$7.3 billion in payments to governments (Bhpbilliton.com. 2016). The company has also increased their voluntary commitments and invested US$225million in community programs. Under the policy of the Corporate Social Responsibilities the company has identified several risks. Under the policy of the Zero Tolerance, the company has accomplished the several requirements which are as follows: Category Requirement Child Labor BHP Billiton is committed not to hire people who are not accomplishing their compulsory education. As per community concerns, the minimum age into employment shall be considered not below than 15 years of age. Inhuman treatment of employees This company is committed towards maintaining an environment that treats all employees with dignity and respect. All this aspects have taken by the company seriously to prevent threat of violence, abuse or sexual exploitation and any other psychological harassments and so on Compulsory labor engagement BHP Billiton is against for involuntary or forced labor engagement Healthy and safety of Workplace The company has proposed requirement for the suppliers to ensure the provisions of safety and healthy working facilities and contingency plans. To follow this requirement, the company has provided training for taking measures related to employee health and safety. For this reason, the company is also maintained HSC Group level documents and recorded the following data accordingly. World Heritage sites and IUCN Protected Areas The company does not sourced their materials from World Heritage listed sites or International Union for Conservation of Nature Protected Areas. Table 1: Requirements of CSR Requirements of BHP Billiton (Source: Bhpbilliton.com. 2016) Conclusion: By addressing subjects like conceptual framework, corporate governance, legitimacy, code of ethics and CSR, this report can be easily concluded that BHP Billiton has maintained rules, regulations and standards as per the General Purpose Financial Reporting Standards to increase the accounting effectiveness within the organization. References: Barth, M.E., 2015. Financial Accounting Research, Practice, and Financial Accountability.Abacus,51(4), pp.499-510. Bhpbilliton.com. 2016.BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company. [online] Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/ [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Islam, M.A., 2015. Overview. InSocial Compliance Accounting(pp. 1-10). Springer International Publishing. Lanis, R. and Richardson, G., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: a test of legitimacy theory.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(1), pp.75-100. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Navi, S.T., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. Schneider, A. and Schmidpeter, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility.Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua. Union, N.S.T., 2014. Code of ethics.private copy supplied by Bruce Kelloway, assistant executive director, NSTU. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.

Data Processing Management Systems

Question: Discuss about the Data Processing for Management Systems. Answer: Introduction An information system is any organized system that leads to collection as well as communication of information. With the help of information system, a group of components interacts to generate information. The probable effectiveness of diverse kinds of Information System for environmental management is well known. Advances in information provision had led firms to endeavor to enhance information system. There are three wide-ranging types of IS that are enhanced and in wide-ranging use are monetary systems, operational systems as well as strategic systems (Xu et al. 2014). At present companies are gradually viewed as knowledge-based ventures in which practical knowledge management is imperative for competitiveness. IS plays an important role in the operation of trades as well as economic and non-economic aspect such as decision making as a big role of administration. Amazon has designed an e-business approach such that various technical innovations offer thousands of goods at lower price (Dombrowski et al. 2015). Critically discuss at least one successful and one unsuccessful examples Gaining competitive advantage is vital for an organization. Competitive advantage is described as a good or a service that is valued by customers of an organization. Competitive advantages are characteristically provisional, as competitors often look for ways to replica the competitive advantage. There are several roles that are played by Information Systems in terms of competitive strategy. Most of the organization makes the use of information systems to essentially shift the cost of doing trade (Jones and bio 2016). One of the most successful examples of information systems is the innovation management of Amazon. Amazon has a customer-centric mind set and as a result, they are able to provide their customers with what they want. The company mostly makes the use of two major systems that have been developed for its e-business policy in order to administer enormous number of commodities. Amazon Web Services has allowed the partner retailers, the single sellers as well as the developers to promote their goods through Amazon.com web site by building their web based application in a low cost method and collecting their data. Simultaneously, Amazon.com has broadened its data and vigorous infrastructure reasonably and without difficulty by releasing several incorporated web services. In turn, these services have offered Amazon.com to supervise all activities to analyze and make correct decision for its international e-business. With the help of information system, Amazon.com has been able to build a system that is known as SAS (Smart Analytic Search) in order to allow noticing as well as lessening the examples of deception in Amazon web site by investigating the behavioral pattern of fraudsters. The personalization of customers is also measured with the help of SAS that also investigates the fact that how well Amazon.com serves its customers. With the help of IS, the purchasers are able to use the web site from anywhere at any time to purchase a consistent good by less price. The purchasers are more expediency to get more dependable information about goods provided by Amazon. Amazon web service has become a worldwide platform for individuals to retailers in order to sell their commodities (Chen, Chiang and Storey 2012). The successful role of information system at e-commerce sector of Amazon.com in B2C and B2B is mostly based on how the company manages with the quick changes of competitive worldwide market by manufacturing compatible good segments for its customers. The endurance and the improvement lay under how the company efficiently comprehends its strategic planning with the administration information system to raise its proceeds and usefulness. It also includes the transaction processing system that is mostly based on the creation of expediency for users. Customers mostly have a private account to directly log into their Amazon.com profile. The customers also have their own modified characteristics that involve Shopping basket, wish list as well as Shopping Cart. The customers are also with shortcuts with just one click in order to use dispatch address that are already in the system. The information system also includes recommender system to provide the pertinent as well as helpful information to the clients. The company also has an enormous number of links that have been maintained among items and customers (Smart Insights 2016). Between the year 2001 and 2003, Amazon invested more than about $300,000 in order to build new distribution centers as well as acquire information systems software. There are hardly any criticisms against the company asserting that it would never recuperate the investment. With the help of information systems, Amazon is likely to become profitable in the long run and earn additional proceeds. Amazons makes the use of information systems in order to enhance profitability faster. According to a recent report, net sales of Amazon doubled and present proceeds also increased by 40 percent. Oracle information system that is used by the company is built as a multi-terabyte database for the company. On the other hand, the SCM software that is used by the company mostly controls costs and improves efficiency related to shipping and logistics. The CRM information system that is incorporated proposes to work up e-marketing hard work with the help of analysis of preferences of the customers and provision of commodities for precise segments. With the help of order processing system, Amazon is able to record information of credit card and is linked to a delivery system. The CRM system of Amazon generates business value by integrating customer sales as well as services. One of the most unsuccessful examples of information systems is the failure of the Hilton Hotels information systems. The hotel attempted to apply a system that allowed customers to confirm reservation for hotel bookings as well as car rentals online. They utilized the information system with the purpose to make booking system easier for both the customers and the company. However, the utilization of IS did not bring any productive result. In spite a huge investment of 125million dollars, the project disintegrated when it became apparent that the company would miss its deadline by 2 years. The major disadvantage that is associated with Hilton Hotel is the transaction processing system. This system will not be able to handle if the trade is not large enough to make use of a transaction processing system at the hotel. It has also faced problem in terms of security and hardware problem as it was successful to handle enormous quantities of customer and business data (Stair and Reynolds 2 013). Critically discuss the success factors One of the major success factors is that Amazon makes the use of oracle as the enterprise resource management. With the help of this, Amazon is able to hold data related to its customers. It also makes the use of customer relationship management in order to gain customer satisfaction. The management information system is mostly used for collecting its Customer relationship management by Amazon.com. The innovation strategy of the company is also considered as one of the major that have led to the success of the company. The major strength of Amazon.com came from organizing its information systems such as data, transaction and logistic procedure in a precious manner. The major factor that led to the success of information system is Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). It allows information system of Amazon.com the prospects to be ultra scalable, high routine and availability of sustainable growth. The system had mainly focused on the performance of end-data to keep more items, more cus tomers and more orders to strengthen the online sites. The pleasant appearance of this system is that it has been built to reuse the information in multi-contexts (Ward and Peppard 2016). Amazon.com productively makes the use of the major individuality of managing information systems, such as management directed, common data flow, management oriented and easiness of use. It is mostly considered as administration oriented as it is designed for using from top to down. It is considered as management directed as the enhancements are vigorously directed and encouraged by investments. As the system covers all functional areas of business, the information system includes ordinary data flows (Anderson et al. 2013). It can also be said that the achievement factors of the information system of Amazon.com comes from the following causes: All the information is practiced and checked as it takes place All the accessed data is protected through approval method All back up data is taken to uphold dishonesty and loss of data The system is developed through a consistency of designing and expansion The information system is confirmed through the consistency to trade goals and procedures (Jannach et al. 2016). Discuss various factors influencing the success and the failure The manufacturing and service industry in Australia is compared by providing industry specific inside into the IS success and failures. The required data was gathered through questionnaire survey that was conducted among top five hundred businesses in Australia. The effect of environmental hesitation and strategic application of IS on the performance of firms. The correlation among professed environmental hesitation and the level of strategic applications and the facilitators of IS strategic arrangement is empirically scrutinized (Shapiro and Varian 2013). The factors affecting success of organizational attempts at gaining and enhancing competitive advantages via IS/IT are as follows: The information technology is incorporated into the decision-making purposes. It sets clear principles that the IS focuses on the key issues of the businesses. A suitable information processing technology is requisite to meet the data dispensation and analysis requirements of the users of the IS/IT is selected. The information system is oriented, distinct and intended in terms of the requirements of the individuals and its operational feasibility is ensured The IS/IT is kept under continuous observation; so that it is open system design is customized according to the changing information requirements. IS focuses on the consequences and objectives as well as highlights the factors for non-achievement. The information system recognizes that the diverse information needs for diverse objectives must be met with. The globalization of information in separation from the dissimilar objectives directs to too much information and information and its non-use. The IS concentrates on enhancing the information support to manager decisive success factors. It concentrates on the mission decisive application serving the requirements of the top management (David and David 2016). The factors affecting failure of organizational attempts at gaining and enhancing competitive advantages via IS/IT are as follows: The information system is envisaged as a data processing and not as an information processing system. The IS does not provide the data that is required by the managers but it have a tendency to provide the information usually the function call for. The complexity in the business systems is underestimated and not recognizing it in the IS design leads to issues in the victorious implementation. Deficient of training and approval that the customers of the information and the producers of the data are dissimilar, and they have to play an imperative accountable role in the IS. Sufficient attention is not given to the quality power characteristics of the inputs, the processes and the outputs leading to inadequate checks and controls in the information system. The information system is not able to provide perfect data to all the customers in the organization (Tang and Zhang 2013). Critically discuss the sustainability of competitive advantages There are mostly three IT assets, such as people, shared risk and responsibility as well as technology, which help to develop sustainable competitiveness. Sustainability of competitive advantages is accomplished by making the use of inward systems that are not observable to competitors and using modified approach. Strategic information system mostly supports competitive business strategy of an organization in order to improve relationships with customers and suppliers as well as improve productivity. Competitive advantage that is sustainable is mostly important for an organization. There are mainly four generic strategies that is used to achieve sustainability of competitive advantages via IS/IT (Harvard Business Review 2016). Low-Cost Leadership: Information System is used to accomplish the lowest operational costs and lowest prices. In other words, a supply chain management system can integrate a well-organized customer response system to directly associate customer behavior to distribution and production, serving lower inventory and distribution costs. An organization can make the use of information systems that will essentially shift the cost of doing trade as well as diminish the costs of business procedure (Chiu et al. 2016). Product Differentiation: Information System is used to enable new goods and services as well as change greatly the expediency of the customers in using existing goods and services. An organization makes use of information systems to enhance differential characteristics to reduce differentiation strategies of its competitors (Shapiro and Varian 2013). Focus on market position: A precise market focus is enabled with the help of information systems to constrict linkages with suppliers and develop familiarity with customers. Hilton Hotels mostly uses information system related to customers with detailed data about active guests to provide tailored services and reward profitable customers with extra privileges and attention (Pearlson, Saunders and Galletta 2016). Strengthen customer and supplier familiarity: IS/IT is used to facilitate direct access from suppliers to production schedules. This in turn provides more lead-time to suppliers in manufacturing products. Switching costs is increased due to strong linkages between suppliers and customers. Internet technology is based on global standards that will make it easy for competitors to compete on price alone and for new competitors to enter the market. The value chain model emphasizes specific activities in the business where competitive approaches can best be applied (Sashi 2012). Conclusion It can be concluded that Amazon.com has broadened its data and vigorous infrastructure reasonably and easily by releasing several integrated web services. It can be concluded that information system had emerged as an agent of incorporation and the enabler of new competitiveness for enterprises in the international marketplace. 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